In the introduction of the The Fly in the Ointment, by Joe Schwarcz, Essay

In the presentation of The Fly in the Ointment, by Joe Schwarcz, the writer takes note of that true science draws in the n - Essay Example Many hack drugs utilize comparable fixings, so breaking down a solitary brand is adequate to make presumptions about the vast majority of the meds available. One such model drug is Triaminic Children's Cold and Cough. This prescription contains 5 mg of dextromethorphan HCL as a hack suppressant, notwithstanding other dynamic fixings to act in assisting with the torment and blockage indications of a cold (Triaminic-Novartis, 2011). It is sensibly powerful at halting a hack rapidly, thus guardians may utilize it for their more youthful kid while uninformed of, or intentionally disregarding, the suggestions that it not be utilized in youngsters younger than four (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). What numerous guardians may not understand when deciding to direct these prescriptions to their pre-schooler is the instrument of activity of the dextromethorphan in Triaminic Cold and Cough. Dextromethorphan lessens hacking by really diminishing electrical action in the min d, explicitly in the pieces of the cerebrum liable for the hack reflex (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). This reflex is arranged in the mind stem, a fundamental bit of the cerebrum engaged with about all life-supporting real capacities (Shannon et al., 2004). This implies notwithstanding smothering the hack, the prescription can likewise cause confusion and tiredness in any event, for those for whom dextromethorphan is FDA affirmed, and cerebrum harm and demise in small kids (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). Notwithstanding the conceivable adverse impacts of dextromethorphan, its viability is quite being referred to. A few investigations have indicated that giving a tablespoon of natural nectar to kids above age two through age eighteen is more successful at halting an evening hack than drugs containing dextromethorphan. The guardians of the kids in one such investigation detailed that in addition to the fact that honey produced a comparativ e degree of hack concealment as the medicine, kids had a superior rest quality after treatment with nectar and in actuality a superior rest quality with no treatment by any stretch of the imagination. Some reactions of the dextromethorphan, for example, eagerness and nervousness, meddled more with a youngster's capacity to nod off than did the solace level of the kid during an untreated hack (Paul et al., 2007). On the off chance that every one of youngsters' items containing dextromethorphan, for example, Triaminic's Cold and Cough, were expelled from the market, there would be a positive absence of accessible over-the-counter treatment for kids' hacks (Maisch, 2007). In any case, given that there is an accessible interchange treatment, nectar, and the dangers of cerebrum harm and even demise, guardians ought to know that essentially in light of the fact that an item, for example, Cold and Cough is accessible available doesn't mean they should offer it to their youngsters. Much mor e seasoned youngsters can be in danger for genuine symptoms, and guardians should be extremely cautious about making such they give such prescriptions in the right measurements for their kid's age and weight. There are circumstances where a hack is serious enough in a young youngster to warrant utilization of Triaminic's Cold and Cough, however for no situation should a parent give a pre-schooler that or some other hack suppressant prescription containing dextromethorphan (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). Any hack that will be that genuine requires the consideration of a

The Damaging Effects of Acid Rain essays

The Damaging Effects of Acid Rain papers Current society is turning out to be overpowered with incredible measures of contamination from vehicles, processing plants and an excess of trash. The monstrous measures of sulfur dioxide discharged into the air causes elevated levels of corrosive in the air. At the point when this sulphuric corrosive is retained into dampness noticeable all around, piercing rainfalls can be harming to the outer condition. Corrosive downpour is decimating the world=s lakes, air and environment. Corrosive downpour is executing lakes and diminishing the quantity of occupants in these new water bodies. Corrosive downpour causes a sufficient conclusion in the pH levels in the water. At an impartial level the pH in water ought to be near seven, yet in these acidic water bodies the pH levels can be as low as four. These pH levels of four contain in excess of 10% acids than that of typical downpour and one thousand times more corrosive than impartial water. Every decade the pH levels of lakes around Ontario have become multiple times progressively acidic. The high corrosive levels contained in lakes likewise causes a decline in the quantity of fish abiding in these lakes. Additionally Aacid produces compound changes in the blood of the fish, and their fundamental body digestion is altered@ (Howard Corrosive downpour causes air quality to crumble. As in water, a ... <!

Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants Essay -- Hemingway Hills White

Hemingway's Hills Like White Elephants      Everyday individuals settle on choices that influence their future lives. Do individuals settle on the correct choices? What settles on a choice a correct one? What may be all in all correct to a few, might not be right to other people. There are no set in stone choices however those that individuals pick and accept to be correct fluctuating from every person. In Hemingway's practical story, Hills Like White Elephants, Dance endeavors to roll out a significant improvement in her life by settling on the correct choice, be that as it may, can't due to her frail trademark defects. Dance is ambivalent about her choice. Despite the fact that she understands the potential outcomes, she has challenges relinquishing old propensities, has a low confidence that prompts her being compliant, and sets up a fragile battle by concealing her emotions behind her snide remarks.      Jig faces a tremendous choice that will change her future. She should pick between the old and the new way of life. It is difficult for her to relinquish old propensities that comprises of assuming no liability and the sole aim of looking for joy. She should go from a youthful worriedless agitator to a steady grown-up assuming liability. It's a hard procedure since there are three stages to evolving: acknowledgment, carrying out the thing, and focusing on the change. She unquestionably acknowledges she needs to change, yet just goes that far. She walks as far as possible of the station and views the rich side of the valley and remarks and we could have this, yet she ...

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Portrait of a Desolate World - Literature Essay Samples

Upon completion of T.S. Eliots legendary poem, The Wasteland, one may experience mixed feelings about the poem as a whole. The Wasteland presents a distinct style using countless allusions; a method that previously had not been used to such extremes. The poem was written by Eliot to express his problems with society. It depicts modern society as being in the infertile part of the cycle. Throughout the poem, human beings are depicted as isolated, and sexual relations are sterile and thoughtless. Since most of Eliots allusions are not very well known to most readers, one must work through the notes that accompany the poem several times in order to better grasp its deeper meanings, but the general impressions of isolation, degeneration, and desolation are painfully apparent throughout each reading. The most prominent reasons for the dislike of the poem have been these constant allusions to other works, which further magnifies the complex nature of the poem. The Wasteland has been ac claimed as one of the most influential poems written in the 20th century and has been scrutinized and studied countless times since its publication. For the purpose of this analysis, the attention to allusion will be concentrated to part V of the poem entitled, What the Thunder Said. This is the finale of the poem and is quite important, in that it brings some closure to a very complex idea.The final section entitled, What the Thunder Said, begins with images of a journey over rough and desolate ground. The thunder is sterile; being unaccompanied by rain, but a mysterious sense of a compassionate spirit visits the traveler.Here one can neither stand nor lie nor sit/There is not even silence in the mountains/But dry sterile thunder without rain/There is not even solitude in the mountains (Lines 340-43)/And dry grass singing/But sound of water over a rock/Where the hermit-thrush sings in the pine trees (Lines 355-57).The reference to the hermit-thrush is believed to be derived from Walt Whitmans poem When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. One can infer that Eliot sang the song of the bleeding throat in terms of the problems that he encountered in society. An excerpt from Whitmans poem reads,In the swamp in secluded recesses,A shy and hidden bird is warbling a song.Solitary the thrush,The hermit withdrawn to himself, avoiding the settlements,Sings by himself a song.Song of the bleeding throat,Deaths outlet song of life, (for well dear brother I know,If thou wast not granted to sing thou wouldist surely die.)(Parker)Here, Whitman is making the point that a solitary creature who avoids culture sings a song, or in the case of Eliot, expresses him/her self somehow. Eliot, of course, expressed himself through written words and language in the form of poetry and stories. Whitman also makes the reference to this solitary creature, noting that if thou wast not granted to sing, thou wouldist surely die. Here Whitman is pointing out that without a song to sing, su rvival is not possible or, at least, is extremely limited. This is why Eliot alludes to this poem. He is, in essence, taking Whitmans words and applying them to himself.The next, and perhaps most vital allusion of the last section of the poem takes place in lines 400-419. According to Eliots notes, these are references to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad which is the fable that refers to the meaning of the thunder. In these stories, the main power, or almighty god represented was called Prajapati. Prajapati created three races of gods, demons, and men. To each of these groups, he appointed three different realms for each one. The gods were given heaven, man was sent to the earth, and the demons were sent to the netherworld. Each of the races asked Prajapati for advice and wisdom from which they could live by. Prajapati agreed and offered wisdom to each race. To the gods (sura), he said Damyata, which means, be restrained. To mankind (nara), he said Datta, which means, give. To th e demons (asura), he said Dayadhvam, which means, be merciful. And according to Indian legend, from that day on, when the thunder rumbles DA-DA-DA, his children know that the voice of Prajapati, the father, is calling to them; reminding them of the components that determine their true selves.DA/Datta: what have we given /DA/Dayadhvam: I have heared the key/Turn in the door once and turn once only//DA/Damyata: The boat responded(Eliot, p45).Here, Eliot is making allusion to the components of the true self according to Hindu lore. It is no coincidence that Eliot saved this allusion for the finale of his poem. He is, albeit indirectly, offering a moral story to the reader in an abstract way. Through this allusion, he is pointing to the triad of meanings, be restrained, give, and be merciful. Perhaps he is suggesting that the readers apply these traits to themselves, or perhaps Eliot is simply noting that these things are lacked in the society that he was a part of. From this po int, the poem tails off with an unconventional compilation of quotations and allusions.London Bridge is falling down falling down falling downPoi sascose nel foco che gli affinaQuando fiam uti chelidonO swallow swallowLe Prince dAquitaine a la tour abolieThese fragments I have shored against my ruinsWhy then Ile fit you. Hieronymos mad againe.Datta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. Shantih shantih shantih(Eliot, p46)Here, each line is in direct relation with despair and anguish. Eliot is completing the poem by offering a variety of allusions from other worksspecifically, these lines are from scenes of despair in those respective works. London Bridge is falling down is well known, as all children on the playgrounds sing it when they are young. Here, Eliot is using a basic reference of structural collapse of an entity, which can be interpreted in two specific ways. One way of viewing the reference to London Bridge is to simply look at it in terms of the other parts of the finale. As previous ly stated, each line represents some form of despair, anguish, or destruction, and perhaps Eliot simply wanted to add another reference that everyone could recognize. Another, and more probable explanation is that the London Bridge reference symbolizes the ending of the poema structural collapse consisting of abstract allusions. The next allusion, Poi sascose nel foco che gli affina refers to Dantes work Purgatorio, Canto XXVI. When translated, the line reads, then he hid himself in the fire that purifies them(Parker). Here Eliot is applying another work to himself, since it is obvious that The Wasteland has a central theme of the need for purification and that Eliot is immersing himself in his work in order to offer his view of society and perhaps to offer advice for improvement. The next line in the finale, Quando fiam uti chelidon is an allusion to the anonymous first century work entitled, Pervigilium Veneris (Parker). When translated from Latin, this line means, When shal l I become like the swallow? This line is contained in this excerpt from Pervigilium Veneris:She sings, I am mute. When will my spring come?When shall I become like the swallow, that I may cease to be voiceless?(Parker)Obviously, Eliot is using this reference in an attempt to express his wish to be heard.The next of Eliots allusions is a very important one, as it further illustrates his disparity. Le Prince dAquitaine a la tour abolie refers to Gerard de Nervals El Desdichado(Parker). The translation of this line is, The Prince of Aquitaria whose tower has been torn down. Here, too, is a reference to collapse and destruction. The reference is included in this excerpt from Nervals sonnet:I am the dark man, the disconsolate widower, the prince of Aquitania whose tower has been torn down:My sole star is dead, and my constellated luteBears the black sun of Melancholia(Parker)The final two lines of The Wasteland are Eliots last attempt to be heard and to offer wisdom to society. H e is basically referring back to the Hindu triad of restraint, generosity, and mercyDatta. Dayadhvam. Damyata. He completes his work with the words Shantih shantih shantih. This final reference to Brihadaranyaka Upanishad can be feebly translated, as Eliot calls it, as The peace which passeth understanding(Parker).T.S. Eliot believed that the modern society was without a vital sense of togetherness and spirituality. In the final piece of his poem The Wasteland, he is alluding to the elements that society was lacking and needed to regain. The entire poem is a journey through a series of conversations and scenes that lead through a wasteland. The reader of the poem travels through the wasteland seemingly without hope but learns a valuable lesson at the end of the journey. Eliot applied the triad of self-restraint, giving, and compassion to himself and also offered it to the reader at the end of a long journey through a desolate world and a disillusioned society.BibliographyPark er, Richard A. Exploring the Wasteland. September, 1997. http://world.std.com/~raparker/exploring/thewasteland/table/explore6.htmlEliot, T.S. The Wasteland and Other Poems. San Diego, New York, London: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1934.

The Influence of Durkheim on Modern Criminological...

The ‘father of academic sociology’ (Hopkins Burke, 2006), Emile Durkheim believed that crime was an important necessity in every society as it played important functional roles in the maintenance of social cohesion, the continuity of social progress and the establishment and reinforcement of societal norms. He stated that criminality was a normal phenomenon, its influence prevalent even on the most saintly of societies. Durkheim’s theories regarding the normality and inevitability of crime, along with his influential concepts of anomie, the division of labour and mechanical and organic solidarity, had a lasting effect on the field of criminological study, particularly in subsequent research conducted by fellow populist theorists of the†¦show more content†¦Crime serves and adaptive function by allowing change and development in not only the social system, but also the legal system. A particular crime, for example, may evoke high degrees of moral outrage f rom members of a community, which in turn may lead to the amendment of related legislations in an effort to further criminalise future events of a similar nature and appease the public. On the other hand, modernisation of a society, which is followed by the revision and reestablishment of social norms and goals, acts previously deemed immoral and criminal in traditionalist communities may be decriminalised and become entrenched as a perfectly acceptable lifestyle choice. Durkheim mentions Socrates as an example of crime fulfilling an adaptive function. Socrates’ philosophies were regarded as dangerous, whilst he was seen as a criminal and condemned to death by his own society, today he is recognised as one of the most brilliant and advanced minds of his generation. Crimes other vital function involves the reinforcement or particular norms and legislations. When a specific crime is committed, media portrayals of events and the general public and legislative reactions are enoug h to reaffirm social norms and boundaries of behaviour. Several sociological positivists agree with Durkheim’s view of crime is normal and is some, limited way helps maintain a healthy, cohesive society, there are quite a large number ofShow MoreRelatedDurkheim s Influence On Sociology1240 Words   |  5 PagesPlease describe the impact Marx, Durkheim, Weber had on sociology as prominent contributors of the discipline. Durkheim and Max Weber, Marx is seen as one of the three founders of the social sciences. Emile Durkheim, was a French sociologist. His theories and writings helped establish the foundations of modern sociology. Durkheim disagreed with most social theorists of the late 1800 s because they thought that individual psychology was the basis of sociology. Durkheim regarded sociology as the studyRead More Are Criminals Born or Made? Essay1890 Words   |  8 Pagesexplicate this by means of genetics, whilst others take a more socially influenced approach. Although at the time, the micro-criminological theories of Lombroso and Sheldon may have appeared credible, modern research has attempted to refute such notions. In an epidemiological context, the act of crime is seen by some as a positive contribution to society, as noted by Durkheim (Kirby et al, 2000), although too much will lead to social instability, or anomie. In contrariety to Durkheims beliefs, a MarxistRead MoreCrime Is An Inevitable Part Of Society2939 Words   |  12 Pagessociologist Emile Durkheim proposed back i n the 19th century. (Emirbayer 1996) Durkheim used the idea of normlessness as the reason for total chaos in a country or society. (Emirbayer 1996) He called this state of normlessness, anomie, which by definition means lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group. (Emirbayer 1996) Durkheim’s ideas inspired others and led to criminologists such as Robert Merton, Alfred Cohen and Robert Agnew using these ideas of Durkheim and applyingRead MoreSocial Structures And Stressors Can Increase The Likelihood Of A Person3814 Words   |  16 Pagesfactors that normally lead a person to respond to the strains by engaging in criminal activities. The first modern theory of crime and deviance was developed by Emile Durkheim. Using the anomie theory that focuses on the lack of normal ethical or social standards, he explained how various social structures could lead a person to be engaged in criminal activities (Franklin, 2014). Durkheim?s theory showed how a society that lacks rules and a clear social system could lead to people developing a senseRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagesinner city youth to join gangs, these tend to vary from individual to individual with various social and economic reasons also involved. Power, status, security, friendship, family substitute, economic profit, substance abuse influences, and numerous other factors can influence youth to join gangs L, Jackson. (1998) lists the following causes: * Frequent exposure to crime and violence during formative years * Few positive role models * Lack of economic opportunities * Inadequate constructive

Persuasive Essay About Vaccines And Vaccinations - 2223 Words

Hailey Chirhart Paul Reid English Composition 2 June 8, 2015 Persuasive Essay Rough Draft You and your significant other have just found out that you’re pregnant. You will carry the baby for 9 months and you will protect it with your own body, but what happens after birth? What kind of protection should you provide them with? The question is to vaccinate, or to not vaccinate? First off, let’s start with what a vaccine is. A vaccine is a substance that produces antibodies and provides immunity against one or many diseases. A vaccine is made up and prepared with the disease that causes it, its products, or a synthetic substitute. It’s treated to act like an antigen without producing the disease. So to simplify this, patients are injected†¦show more content†¦Having the immunity when your child is exposed to the disease is extremely important. Vaccines have come a long way and many diseases have been eradicated due to people choosing to vaccinate. One of the risks of choosing to not vaccinate your child is that it doesn’t just affect their health; it potentially affects the health of those around them. For example, say your child does contract a disease such as measles and is in daycare or at the hospital being treated for it. In that time your child could potentially spread the disease to other children that are either unprotected because they aren’t old enough to receive the vaccine yet, or have compromised immune systems due to something such as cancer or someone suffering from kidney failure and they are unable to receive any live vaccines, or children who have received the vaccine and still have a low immunity against the disease. Choosing to vaccinate your child will protect people around your child, and that’s the ultimate goal with vaccines is to protect the health of the general public. Along with protecting people around your child, you also want to be protected too because you could contract the disease as well and in turn, miss days at work. If yourShow MoreRelatedShould Vaccines Be Mandatory1492 Words   |  6 PagesShould Vaccinations be Mandatory? This essay will attempt to investigate the employment of the 23 plus vaccinations used today and how they defend the preventions and spread of diseases. The paper will support the pros and the cons of vaccinations that are supported by research statistics as well as the different symptoms that have been reported for each available vaccine. What is a vaccine? Vaccines have been defined as the development of depleted or killed microscopic organismsRead MoreEssay about Arguments for and Against Mandatory Vaccination2269 Words   |  10 PagesMandating the HPV Vaccination: A Controversial Debate Background: The Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the virus responsible for cervical cancer. It is one the most common viral sexually transmitted infections. A vaccine was approved in 2006 that is effective in preventing the types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. Proposals for routine and mandatory HPV vaccination of girls have become sources of controversy for parents of school-aged youth, legislators, membersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife

Words Form the Thread on Which We String Our Experiences free essay sample

Aldous Huxley was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of his family, the well-known Huxley family. He is best and most commonly known for his novel, Brave New World. He was a humanist, pacifist, and satirist, was interested in subjects of spirituality like parapsychology, which incorporates paranormal phenomena’s such as telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psycho kinesis, near-death experiences, and reincarnation. He was also an advocator for psychedelics, a psychoactive drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception. George Orwell’s idea of Sapir-Whorf is the linguistic theory that semantic structure of languages shapes or limits the ways in which a speaker forms conceptions of the world. This theory was named after the American anthropological linguist Edward Sapir, and Benjamin Whorf who was his student. In the 20th century, the theory that the language people speak controls how they think, was popular among behaviorists. Sapir Whorf tells the idea that human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are at the â€Å"mercy† of the language of their culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Words Form the Thread on Which We String Our Experiences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In George Orwell’s book Nineteen Eighty-four, he addresses the idea of â€Å"newspeak†, which is where words are taken out of the character’s vocabulary. This can be seen to influence their thoughts by decreasing the number of associations to connect the word with. Language influences thoughts about the real world. We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because of the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. The hypothesis can be seen to show that language influences how people categorize their experiences. For example, the Inuit people have many words for â€Å"snow†, which causes them to perceive snow differently than those who know only one word. By having more words to define â€Å"snow†, it is perceived as a more crucial part of their lives. Aldous Huxley’s quote â€Å"Words form the thread on which we string our experiences† can be paralleled to the theory of Sapir Whorf. He is ultimately saying that words and their connotations can help define an experience. When certain words are associated with experiences, they can be seen to influence the thoughts of that person about that situation. Words can also provoke emotions, such as crying or laughter, which can create a positive or negative view on an experience. An example would be if an experience were described as â€Å"a sunny, cheerful day in the vibrant park†, positive thoughts and emotions would be brought to mind because of the words â€Å"cheerful†, â€Å"sunny†, and â€Å"vibrant†. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley proves that experience is influenced by words and culture. At an early age, the people of Brave New World are taught to view certain things and experiences as positive or negative. In their sleep, biased words are whispered to them to help reinforce these beliefs of the society. The words already put into their minds influence their experiences by having already associated certain ideas with a negative or positive connotation. This is directly related to the idea that words influence thoughts and opinions of an experience, or Sapir Whorf. Some problems that could be associated with this idea of words defining our experiences can be related to Brave New World. In this book, the characters are influenced by the words that are whispered to them, which limits their ability to make their own opinions of certain experiences. This limitation can lead to the idea that words are all that experiences are. A problem with this idea in general is the similar arguments that people have against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. We are not able to prove that thoughts are affected by words or vice versa.

Peroxidase Lab Report Essay Example

Peroxidase Lab Report Paper We were able to measure enzymatic activity by the change in absorbency per second with a spectrophotometer. By testing different concentrations of peroxides and its reaction rate in seconds, we were able to see that as the amount of enzyme increased the catalytic reaction also increased. The optimal amount of peroxides concentration to be used in the subsequent experiments was determined to be 1. 0 ml. Any amount above this would have caused the rate of absorbency to be too fast, making it too difficult to get accurate readings. Any amount below this would not have produced a reaction at an appreciable rate. (Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, p. 76) In addition, our results show that a rise temperature and pH only increase the rate of reaction to a certain point before the reaction rate begins to decline dramatically. In the case of boiling of the enzyme there was no rate of reaction found whatsoever. A similar result was found when hydroxylation was added to the peroxides and it caused an inhibition reaction. Overall, the results show that the peroxides enzyme is sensitive with reference to the above factors in whether or not a reaction is catcalled. INTRODUCTION Enzymes are essential in the breakdown of certain materials or molecules that cannot be used by or are harmful to an organism as they are, into products that can be used or are not harmful for the organism. They are proteins and their structure consists of amino acids with a specific shape. Enzymes have an area called an active site where substrates (only a particular molecule or material to be converted) bind. We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peroxidase Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When the substrate is bound to the active site on the whole entity becomes an enzyme-substrate complex. The substrates covalent bond is disrupted and this chemical change constructs a new product from the original abstract while leaving the enzyme unaffected. Once this new product is released, the enzyme can bind again with more of these molecules needing conversion. Sometimes the enzyme works with commences or cofactors such as vitamins or metallic ions to help the binding process. In other cases competitive inhibitors are at work and prevent a substrate from being bound to the active site on the enzyme. The competitive inhibitor is similar enough to bind with the enzyme, but because it is not a perfect match, the enzyme then loses its ability to catalyst a reaction for that moment. In accordance with these properties, we ill see how certain factors affect the reaction rate of peroxides. For our purposes in this lab we used the enzyme peroxides extracted from a turnip. Peroxides, along with the help of its iron ion cofactor, catalysts harmful hydrogen peroxide (H2O) into a harmless compound and water. In order to follow the rate of reaction for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, we used ecological, a colorless dye, which donates electrons and turns brown when it is oxidized. We used this dye so that we could measure the absorbency with the spectrophotometer as the hydrogen peroxide is being broken down and the lour change gets stronger over specific time intervals. We developed several null hypotheses for these experiments: 1) The amount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. 2) Temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. 3) pH will not affect enzymatic activity. 4) Similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials and methods are taken from Lab Topic 7 in the Biological Investigations, 9th Edition. RESULTS Graph 1- Effects of Peroxides Amounts Graph 2 Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 3 pH Effects on Peroxides Activity Graph 4 Boiled Peroxides Results Graph 5 Hydroxylation Results Graph 6 Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides Graph 7 Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides In Graph 1, Effects of Peroxides Amounts, it shows the difference in rates of reactions with different concentrations of peroxides in the solution Tubes 2 3 at 0. 5 ml, Tubes at 1. 0 ml and Tubes 6 7 at 2. 0 ml, along with corresponding line slopes. Graph 2, Temperature Effects on Peroxides Activity, shows the difference in rates of reaction for 1. Ml peroxides at ICC, Room Temperature ICC, ICC and ICC along with their corresponding line slopes. For Graph 3, pH Effects on Peroxides Activity, it shows the rates of reaction at pH 3, pH 5, pH 7 and pH 9, along with its corresponding line slopes at 1. 0 ml peroxides. Graph 4, Boiled Peroxides Results, shows the rates of reaction for 1. 0 ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides and a Boiled Extract of peroxides, both with their corresponding line slopes. In Graph 5, Hydroxylation Results, it shows rates of reaction for 1. Ml between a Normal Extract of peroxides without hydroxylation and a Hydroxylation-treated Extract of peroxides. Graph 6, Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each temperature. Lastly, Graph 7, Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, shows the slope of the line at each level of PH. DISCUSSION The significance of the observations in testing the enzyme peroxides and its rate of breaking down hydrogen peroxide helped us to make a decision as to whether to accept or reject our hypotheses in the experiment. The amount of peroxides concentration had a direct relationship to how slowly or how quickly a reaction took place. This result allowed us to reject our hypothesis that the mount of enzyme added to the reaction will not affect the rate of reaction. This test was important so that we could ascertain the best amount of concentration to use in the subsequent experiments with the spectrophotometer set at absorbency 470 NM and timed recordings at 20-second intervals for a total of 2 minutes. At 0. 5 ml of peroxides the reaction time was too slow thus no appreciable line or slope was rendered to measure the reaction with any accuracy. Conversely, it was a challenge to get accurate absorbency readings at 2. 0 ml of peroxides because the pace of the reaction appreciated so quickly and hen met equilibrium. At 1. 0 ml of peroxides the reaction time rendered an appreciable line and slope making it easier to record the absorbency every 20 seconds for 2 minutes and ultimately, the best concentration for use in the next experiments. It is known that when heat is applied to molecules, they move faster and collide more as the temperature rises. This is also true for the enzyme peroxides and its substrate until the temperature reaches ICC and then the reaction begins to taper off and it dives down drastically at ICC when the hydrogen bonds holding peroxides structure together begin to break. The results of this test confirm the same by the slope of each line and thereby we are able to reject our hypothesis that temperature has no effect on peroxides rate of reaction. At ICC the slope of the line is 0. 0071, at Room Temperature ? ICC the slope is 0. 0094, at ICC the slope is 0. 091 and at ICC it is 0. 0052. This is easily seen on the derivative Graph 6: Optimum Temperature for Reaction Rate of Peroxides attached. It should be mentioned here that in class it was decided from the table of results on the board for this experiment that ICC was the optimal temperature. In addition, it is difficult to fully see the results from the line graph number 2. As we can see here from the derivative graph, that just numbers without the prop er graphs can be misleading and it is necessary to take further steps in clarifying the observations and results. As for pH effects on peroxides activity, Graph 3, indicates that the amount of acidity or bassinets to a solution changes the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and thereby changes the ability to bind with the substrate in an effective manner. Here we tested the null hypothesis: pH will not affect enzymatic activity. The results from Graph 3: pH Effects on Peroxides Activity indicate that the more acidic pH 3 level disrupted the enzymes ability to bind with its substrate and its reaction rate did not appreciate noticeably. As the solution became less acid at pH 5, the greatest reaction efficiency resulted. Once the pH was at 7 and beyond the reaction rate for peroxides and its binding ability became poor and the reaction rate declined. Again, it was necessary to do a derivative graph to see the slope results clearly. In Graph 7: Optimum pH for Reaction Rate of Peroxides, the rate of reaction increased drastically from pH 3 with a slope f 0. 00007 to pH 5 with a slope of 0. 0055 and then trails off as the bassinets increases at pH 7 with a slope of 0. 047 and plummets as it reaches pH 9 with a slope of 0. 0022. We can see the optimal pH is 5 in this experiment and we were able to refute our null hypothesis because it was shown that pH does affect peroxides reaction rates. In boiling the peroxides extract, the result was that no reaction activity was found. As mentioned in our book by Dolphin, Fleck, Collect and Wastage, the enzyme is denatured because the high temperature broke a large number of hydroge n bonds, which dramatically changed the structure of the enzyme permanently (82). A denatured enzyme cannot catalyst a reaction and this result appears evident on Graph 4: Boiled Peroxides Results. The comparison between a normal extract of peroxides and a boiled extract of peroxides shows that zero absorbency with no appreciation was yielded over the two minutes for the boiled extract as opposed to the normal extract that did yield an appreciable line with a slope of 0. 0099. Again, we can refute our null hypothesis of temperature will not affect the enzymatic activity. Finally, a null hypothesis that a similar molecule to substrate will not affect enzymatic activity was tested.

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death

Ix Chel - Mayan Goddess(es) of Fertility and Death Ix Chel (sometimes spelled Ixchel) is, according to longstanding archaeological tradition, the Mayan moon goddess, one of the most important and ancient of Maya deities, connected to fertility and procreation. Her name Ix Chel has been translated as â€Å"Lady Rainbow† or as â€Å"She of the Pale Face,† an allusion to the moons surface. Fast Facts: Ix Chel Known For: Goddess of the Moon, fertility, physical love, weaving.Religion: Classic and Late Post Classic period Maya.  Also Known As: Lady Rainbow, She of the Pale Face, Goddess I, and Goddess O.  Appearance: Two aspects: a young, sensual woman and an old crone.  Shrines: Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, Mexico.Appearances: Madrid and Dresden codexes. According to Spanish colonial records, the Maya thought the moon goddess wandered the sky, and when she wasnt in the sky she was said to live in the cenotes (natural sinkholes filled with water). When the waning moon appeared again in the east, people made pilgrimages to the Ix Chel shrine on Cozumel. In the traditional pantheon of Maya gods and goddesses, Ix Chel has two aspects, that of a young sensual woman and an aged crone. However, that pantheon was built by archaeologists and historians based on a wide variety of sources, including iconography, oral history, and historical records. Over the decades of research, Mayanists have often debated whether they have incorrectly combined two female deities (Goddess I and Goddess O)  into one Moon Goddess. Goddess I The primary aspect of Goddess I is as a youthful wife, beautiful and downright sexy, and she is occasionally associated with references to the lunar crescent and rabbits, a pan-Mesoamerican reference to the moon. (In fact, many cultures see a rabbit in the moons face, but thats another story). She often appears with a beak-like appendage protruding from her upper lip. Goddess I is known as Ixik Kab (Lady Earth) or Ixik Uh (Lady Moon) in the Maya books known as the Madrid and Dresden codices,  and in the Madrid codex she appears as both a young and aged version. Goddess I presides over marriage, human fertility and physical love. Her other names include Ix Kanab (Child of Lady of the Seas) and Ix Tan Dzonot (Child of She in the Middle of the Cenote). Ixik Kab is associated with weaving in the post-classic period, and the aged form of Ixik Kab is often shown weaving and/or wearing a pair of horn-like elements on her head which likely represent spindles. Goddess O Goddess O, on the other hand, is a powerful aged woman identified not just with birth and creation but with death and world destruction. If these are different goddesses and not aspects of the same goddess, Goddess O is most likely to be the Ix Chel of the ethnographic reports. Goddess O is married to Itzamna and thus is one of the two creator gods of Maya origin myths. Goddess O has a raft of phonetic names including Chac Chel (Red Rainbow or Great End). Goddess O is depicted with a red body, and sometimes with feline aspects such as jaguar claws and fangs; sometimes she wears a skirt marked with crossed bones and other death symbols. She is closely identified with the Mayan rain god Chaac (God B) and often seen illustrated with pouring water or flood images. The fact that Goddess Os name means both rainbows and destruction may come as a surprise, but unlike in our Western society rainbows are not good omens for the Maya but are bad ones, the flatulence of the demons which arise from dry wells. Chac Chel is associated with weaving, cloth production, and spiders; with water, curing, divination, and destruction; and with making children and childbirth. Four Goddesses? The Moon Goddess of the Maya mythology may actually have many more aspects. The earliest Spanish travelers in the early 16th century recognized that there was a flourishing religious practice among the Maya dedicated to aixchel or yschel. The local men denied knowing the meaning of the goddess; but she was a deity of the Chontal, Manche Chol, Yucatec, and Pocomchi groups in the early colonial period. Ix Chel was one of four related goddesses worshiped on the islands of Cozumel and Isla de Mujeres: Ix Chel, Ix Chebal Yax, Ix Hunie, and Ix Hunieta. Mayan women made pilgrimages to their temples on the island of Cozumel and placed her idols underneath their beds, asking for help. The Oracle of Ix Chel According to several historical records, during the Spanish colonial period, there was a life-sized ceramic statue known as the Oracle of Ix Chel located on Cozumel Island. The oracle at Cozumel is said to have been consulted during the foundation of new settlements and in times of warfare. Pilgrims were said to have followed sacbe (the prepared Maya causeways) from as far away as Tabasco, Xicalango, Champoton, and Campeche to venerate the goddess. The Mayan pilgrimage route crossed the Yucatan from west to east, mirroring the pathway of the moon through the sky. Colonial dictionaries report that the pilgrims were known as hula and the priests were Aj Kin. The Aj Kin posed the pilgrims questions to the statue and, in exchange for offerings of copal incense, fruit, and bird and dog sacrifices, reported the answers in the voice of the oracle. Francisco de Lopez de Gomara (Hernan Cortes chaplain) described the shrine on Cozumel island as a square tower, wide at the base and stepped all around. The upper half was erect and at the top was a niche with a thatched roof and four openings or windows. Inside this space was a large, hollow, kiln-fired clay image fastened to the wall with lime plaster: this was the image of the moon goddess Ix Chel. Finding the Oracle There are several temples located near the cenotes at the Maya sites of San Gervasio, Miramar, and El Caracol on Cozumel Island. One which has been identified as a plausible location for the oracle-shrine is the Kana Nah or High House at San Gervasio. San Gervasio was an administrative and ceremonial center on Cozumel, and it had three complexes of five groups of buildings all connected by sacbe. Kana Nah (Structure C22-41) was part of one of those complexes, consisting of a small pyramid, five meters (16 feet) in height with a square plan of four stepped tiers and a main stairway bordered by a railing. Mexican archaeologist Jesus Galindo Trejo argues that the Kana Nah pyramid appears to be aligned with the major lunar standstill when the moon sets at its extreme point on the horizon. The connection of C22-41 as a contender for the Ixchel Oracle was first put forward by American archaeologists David Freidel and Jeremy Sabloff in 1984. So, Who Was Ix Chel? American archaeologist Traci Ardren (2015) has argued that the identification of Ix Chel as a single moon goddess combining female sexuality and traditional gender roles of fertility comes straight from the minds of the earliest scholars studying her. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, says Ardren, male western scholars brought their own biases about women and their roles in society into their theories about Maya myths. These days, Ix Chels reputed fertility and beauty have been appropriated by several non-specialists, commercial properties, and new age religions, but as Ardren quotes Stephanie Moser, it is dangerous for archaeologists to assume we are the only people who can create meaning out of the past. Selected Sources Ardren, Traci. Mending the Past: Ix Chel and the Invention of a Modern Pop Goddess. Antiquity 80.307 (2015): 25–37. Print.Boskovic, Aleksandar. The Meaning of Maya Myths. Anthropos 84.1/3 (1989): 203–12. Print.Colas, Pierre Robert, Katja Christiane  Stengert, and Urlich Wolfel. The Mapping of Ix Chel: A Terminal Classic Secondary Maya Site on the Northern Vaca Plateau, Belize, Central America. Northern Vaca Plateau Geoarchaeology Project, 2006. Print.Galindo Trejo, Jesus. Calendric-Astronomical Alignment of Architectural Structures in Mesoamerica: An Ancestral Cultural Practice. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 21–36. Print.Iwaniszewski, Stanislaw. Time and the Moon in Maya Culture: The Case of Cozumel. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 39 œ55. Print.Polk, Jason S., Philip E. van Beynen, and Philip P. Reeder. Late Holocene Environmental Reconstruction Using Cave Sediments from Belize. Quaternary Research 68.1 (2007): 53–63. Print. Ã…  prajc, Ivan. Archaeological Sites on the Island of Cozumel: The Role of Astronomy in Architectural and Urban Planning. The Role of Archaeoastronomy in the Maya World: The Case Study of the Island of Cozumel. Eds. Sanz, Nuria, et al. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2016. 57–83. Print.

Adult Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Adult Communication - Essay Example m the emphasis is on helping the individual members of the team to learn their potential for performance and through that learning maximize the performance of the team (Whitmore 2003). Managing in simple terms is the process of getting things done by individuals through planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling their activities. Thus managing a team involves using the five functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling the activities of the team members towards the objectives of the team (Managing and Leading). The difference between coaching becomes evident from their definitions and is lies essentially in their approach. Coaching is people oriented in that it is concerned with the development of the individuals. Managing is task oriented in that the emphasis is on the task to be achieved. The individuals in the team are the means to achieving the task. This analogy gives provides clarity in the difference between coaching a team and managing a team. A given area of land is to be invested with oak saplings. Oak saplings have a unique feature in that there is a single tap root that extends, as the sapling develops. In nursery saplings the tap root tends to be curled up into a ball, because of the restrictive environment for growth. Managing the investing of the land with oak saplings would involve the transfer of the saplings into the allotted number of pits in as quick and efficient a manner and ensuring the required fertiliser and moisture is provided for growth. This approach is due to the task oriented approach in managing a team. In the coaching approach the curled up taproot would be first uncurled and in the replanting process care would be taken to ensure that the fragile taproot is extended deep into the ground without damaging it, as this would ensure proper development of the oak sapling into a tree. The necessary moistur e would then be provided. Coaching is oriented towards the development of the

Major Depressive Disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major Depressive Disorder - Case Study Example 2008). Major depressive disorder serves as a load on the economic as well as physical well being of the individuals. It serves to be the second most important clinical condition which hinders the normal life of the individuals and impairs them from leading a perfect life. Worldwide major depressive disorder accounts as the fourth most common pathology. This psychological condition is very dangerous because it accounts as a cause for 66 percent of all suicidal deaths and it also raises the risk of pathologies of the heart and associated vasculature (British Columbia Medical Association 2004). In the United States it majorly affects the people who are suffering from a medical condition since a very long time or those who migrate to the United States and females have a greater susceptibility of suffering from this condition (Paul et al 2007). Major depressive disorder patients present with a wide range of psychopathological conditions which differ from one person to another. It is characterized by a very low consideration regarding self existence. A person considers himself to be of no use and does not have a very high opinion of him. The patients have thoughts of remorse and do not consider their existence to hold any value. They have negative thoughts regarding everything. The patient feels low and distressed and has a bad temper along with a feeling of exhaustion and weariness. The patient cannot engage in activities which require him to remain focused and has a tendency to easily forget important things. Sleeplessness is also associated with major depressive disorder but an interesting fact is that some patients might also present somnolence. This contradicting pattern is also noted in the case of eating as some patients present with polyphagia whereas others may be anorexic. The patient complains of gastrointestinal tract

Causation and Correlation Essay Example for Free

Causation and Correlation Essay Causation and Correlation Paper The topic I am going to pick is â€Å"Wealthy people are thin†. This could go both ways I am thinking. Wealthy people have the means to stay thin. They have money, resources, and the means to keep there health in check. If you’re poor or not wealthy you basically have to eat or cook what ever is cheap and some healthy foods are not cheap. For these reasons I think the correlation for this topic could be a good one or a bad one, it just depends on what your economic status is and what you can or can’t afford. I think if I had to pick one or the other out of causation and correlation I think this topic is more causation. The reasoning for my selection is that if you are wealthy you have more options to stay thin. So for this being wealthy can cause one to stay thin. Another reason why wealthy people are more able to stay thin over less wealthier people is because like I have mentioned food is expensive and the foods they might need to get you might have to travel or go to special stores. Another way this is causation is because wealthy people can also afford personal trainers or even a gym membership along with weight loss doctors to stay on track. For all these reasons they cause wealthier people to stay thin. Reference: Causation and Correlation in this weeks materials.

Fallacious Arguments In the Declaration of Independence Essay -- essay

Fallacious Arguments in the Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is among the most profoundly interpreted and fiercely discussed documents in modern history. Most likely because of its rhetorical style and numerous fallacious arguments that are found. The colonists’ use of persuasion to influence by using repetition to achieve their means. The Declaration of Independence is what 56 colonists saw as a logical course of action. What you must ask yourself is: What was considered logical in 1776? The rhetorical style uses persuasive ideals in the use of language. For example, in the first sentence of the second paragraph, the parallel structure and repetition of the word â€Å"that† enable the writers to articulate with excessive clarity their fundamental beliefs. The second paragraph is similar to the concluding paragraph because it also relies on parallel structure and repetition of â€Å"that† when declaring the colonies free and independent states. Also,the repetition of "He is,"which is the only phrase other than "He has" in the list of â€Å"complaints† shows present tense. In this case present tense leads to urgency to the need for a revolution. Which tells the audience that the only other option is, desolation, and tyranny. There is also negative diction about the actions of the British king(George III) that carry to the emotional appeal. Finally,the prime of the last line effectiv...

Miss Brill Essay

In Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Miss Brill,† Mansfield describes Miss Brill as a woman who is in deep denial of her situation. Miss Brill is an elderly woman who is not aware of the distress in her life; because she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old. Miss Brill shows the personality of a woman who is vain, detached, and over sensitive as she goes through her specific Sunday in the park wearing her favorite â€Å"Dear little thing† fur (65). Because Miss Brill struggles to admit the reality of getting old, her vanity makes her thinks she’s a special person and an actress in the play. Miss Brill believes she has a â€Å"special seat† (65) in Jardin’s Publiques the park where she sits every time. This particular Sunday afternoon is quite special for Miss Brill, because she has taken out her favourite fur from the box. Her â€Å"little rogue† (65) is like a pet â€Å"biting its tail just by her left ear† (65), and she imagines it as her companion. As Miss Brill goes through her day on watching and listening other people in the park she thought, â€Å"She had become really quite expert . . . t listening though she didn’t listen, at sitting in other people’s lives just for a minute while they talked round her† (65). She fantasizes about reading a newspaper to an invalid gentleman snoring besides her, pretending to be on stage and believing she was a good actress. â€Å"An actress —are ye? † (67) thought Miss Brill, which again shows her vanity. Although Miss Brill is a teacher and is around people in the p ark every Sunday, her detachment is revealed by her not making any actual contact with her patrons. She is always distant, reserved and aloof. The only companion she has is her fur, she â€Å"laid it on her lap and stroked it† (65). When the band started to play again, she thought the music â€Å"was warm, sunny, yet there was just a faint chill . . . , what was it? . . . , not sadness—a something that made you want to sing? †(67). Miss Brill rejects the feelings of pain and loneliness detaching herself from being hurt. As Miss Brill continues her moment of delusion, her over sensitivity is apparent when a boy and a girl suddenly come to sit ext to her, she is looking forward listening to their conversation as she thought of them as a â€Å"hero and a heroine,† (68) but to her dismay, she hears them talking about her, calling her â€Å"that stupid old thing† (68), and making fun of her favourite fur: â€Å"It’s her fu-fur . . . It’s exactly like a fried whiting† (68). Miss Brill is hurt and on her way home, she skips going to the bakery to buy her favourite treat. Instead she goes straight home, puts her fur in the box and goes into her dark, cupboard-like room. While sitting there for a long time â€Å"she heard something crying,† (68). Miss Brill is the one crying, yet she doesn’t want to face the reality of getting old and the resemblance she has with her old fur. After every denial and rejection of her pain and loneliness, Miss Brill’s reality comes in a harsh way when she hears the young couple making fun of her. Finally, she allows herself to feel the pain, hurt, and loneliness for a moment. Miss Brill’s vanity, detachment, and over sensitivity are her weapons to hide her emotional struggle of accepting the reality of becoming a spinster.

The Parenting Style Of Total Sacrifice - 979 Words

The Millennials are growing up entitled and narcissistic all because of their parents. Millennials are expecting to have high paying jobs right away, instead of working for promotions like their parents. Parents must take responsibility for their children’s upbringing. Somehow, a switch between the parenting style for Generation X changed for the Millennials. The parents of Generation X guide and watch over their children while still keeping their own personal lives, however, the parent of the Millennials’ are willing to give everything up for their children. These parents give their children everything that they ask for and the pampering of children has lead to a phenomenon of unmotivated, but still entitled children. Many parents gift new iPhones for their children even though it is not necessary. The parenting style of total sacrifice must be changed into a style that allows the children to grow and learn as a person, whether it is through failing or through conversa tion, otherwise children underestimate the value of work and sacrifice, children will be unmotivated, and they will not learn independence. It is up to the parents to show their children how they should live life, but when material goods or money are simply given to the children, then they do not learn the meaning of anything. A son asks his father for $100 to buy the newest game and the father simply gives the money to the son. The son has no sense of the value of money or responsibility since money appearsShow MoreRelatedDeployment and the Military Family1353 Words   |  6 Pagesdeployed. Few studies have been done to examine the affects of deployment on military families. There are many hardships faced by military families. 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Ethical Requirements for Auditors - 1212 Words

A. It is extremely important to ensure that the auditing profession meets its responsibilities to its clients. While working for a company to audit their financial information, they are also at the same time working for the public and regulators who rely on externals auditors to prove credibility to the financial information that companies release (Cooper, Coram, Richardson, Leung, 2009). To assist in quality assurance, the profession, and government have developed multilevel framework which is designed to regulate the audit profession. 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Six Sigma and Project Management - 1693 Words

Six Sigma and Project Management Project Management in Business and Technology, Section 02 Introduction â€Å"Sigma† is a symbol for a unit of measure which measures how much a process deviates from perfection. With the increase in demand for quality products/services, several organizations look for ways to improve their performance to meet customer’s expectations. Six Sigma is considered to be an approach which blends the components of quality management and business process re-engineering. Six Sigma’s aim is to increase the efficiency and remove waste, thereby increasing the customer satisfaction. There are many myths about Six Sigma: a) It’s only concerned with reducing defects b) It is a process for production c) It can’t be applied to engineering activities d) It is just a training process e) It is a new concept History of Six Sigma Since 1920’s the term ‘sigma’ is used by mathematician’s measurement unit in product quality measurement. 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Organizational Behavior Final free essay sample

Power and Influence Read this case: â€Å"Nabs Rogue Trader† (page 312). 1A. Power The sources of contingency of power model applies to the situation described in case study 10. 2 in McShane Von Glinow (2010) book through legitimate and coercive sources of power and visibility and discretion contingencies of power. Whether power is used in an ethical (good) or unethical (bad) way power is still power. Power is defined by McShane Von Glinow as â€Å"capacity of a person, team, or organization to influence others† (2010, pg. 290). This ability to influence people is shown by Luke Duffy in the case study through mainly coercive power but also legitimate power. Duffy’s power was derived from legitimate power because of the position he held within National Australia Bank’s (NAB’s) foreign currency option desk. Duffy’s boss, Gary Dillon, enforced this legitimate power by keeping him this position. Legitimate power that Duffy receives is due to his agreement within the organization and originates from his formal job description and informal rules of conduct. In the case study, Dennis Gentilin who is Duffy’s subordinate, states that Duffy is one of the â€Å"untouchables† and is used to getting his way. Legitimate power does have limitations and Duffy gets around this issue by also using coercive power to control or influence the staff to do what he wants and stay loyal. Duffy’s other source of power that he used to stay in his position was coercive power. By using his ability to apply punishment Duffy utilizes his coercive power. He does this several ways, one by inducing fear that he will use the punishment of transferring off his team and the other by mocking (bullying) them into submission. A good example from the case study is when it is explained how Duffy uses this mocking against a coworker in the London by making fun of him, which in turn kept the employee compliant. The employee did not want to be made fun of so the easiest way to make Duffy stop making fun of him (a form of punishment) was to let Duffy do what he was doing and stop interfering with his actions. Duffy also had contingencies of power that he used in his favor such as visibility and substitutability, though mainly his ability to use discretion was his main contingency of power within NAB’s. Duffy’s ability to make decisions without being questioned gave him this important contingency of power. Duffy was doing things against policy because he had been given too much discretion in his decision making responsibilities which resulted in numerous illegal actions on his part. The executives that gave him this amount of discretion to abuse ended up losing their jobs because of Duffy’s illegal actions. 1B. Influence Tactics Duffy does use his influence tactics effectively though in a negative capacity. One tactic that Duffy uses effectively is assertiveness. Duffy had a team that was under him and his social network consisted of this group, though not all of them enjoyed his company or agreed with what he was doing they still stayed in line, for the most part, with him due to his influence tactic of assertiveness. He was able to keep his social network by limiting contact of other social networks by being the main bridge between others and essentially creating a structural hole in the social network of the organization. According to McShane and Von Glinow (2010) a structural hole is the gap that is formed between two different groups or clusters in a social network. Duffy’s influence tactic was assertiveness, which he used very effectively throughout the organization, in a negative way. He applied vocal authority and through legitimate and coercive powers to influence others inside and outside his team to conform to his ways or turn a blind eye to his activities. In the case study, Gentilin, attempted to have Vanessa McCallum look into Duffy’s transactions but did not want to because she was afraid of his threats and assertiveness tactics of having her being removed from the team. Everyone knew of his threats of being removed from his team if they did not comply. This example of how Duffy uses his influence tactics is a great example of the â€Å"dark side† of organizational politics. His tactics were selfish and self-serving. At the end of the day Duffy’s tactics were allowing him to continue on with illegal and unethical behaviors, ultimately costing the organization over 350 million dollars over the course of one year and putting him and several others in jail. 2. Leadership Read this case: â€Å"Profitel Inc† (page 370). The behavioral perspective sets the stage for understanding transformational leadership. It also sets the stage for understanding the contingency Path-Goal Theory of leadership. A. Leadership Perspective The best perspective of leadership style that explains the scenario in McShane and Von Glinow (2010) is Fiedler’s contingency model. According to the contingency perspective of leadership the most appropriate style of leadership will always depend on the situation at hand and no one leadership style will work in every situation. Leaders must have a high level of emotional intelligence to be able to foresee the situation and change his or her style of leadership to best work for the situation (McShane Von Glinow, 2010). This scenario is an example of a leader being unable to adapt to the situation and forced his leadership style unto an organization resulting in failure. In this scenario the telephone company, Profitel, was looking for a new CEO to help battle emerging threats in a couple new markets. Profitel decided to hire from the outside based on the threats since this was new competition in hopes that the new CEO would bring experience with him to handle the issues. The board of directors at Profitel was excited by the prospects of Lars Peeters and the experience he had. Peeters had extensive global experience coming from a European company. His leadership style is stated as being â€Å"a high-octane energy level, self-confidence, decisiveness, and a congenial yet strong persuasive interpersonal style. † (McShane Von Glinow, 2010, p. 370). He came to the board with a strategy to boost profits, which is where the first hint comes into play. One of the board members noted that this was the same strategy he used in his previous two jobs as CEO, showing that he lacks the ability to change his leadership style to the situation. Fiedler’s contingency model is based off the effectiveness of whether or not the leadership style is appropriately matched to the situation and this case Peeters’ is not. According to Fiedlers’ model leaders cannot change their style and they will always fall back onto their natural style of leadership. Though they might be able to alter their style temporarily but it will not last (McShane Von Glinow, 2010). What Profitel should have done was find a leader more appropriate for their organizational structure. 2B. Leadership Problems If organizations, such as Profitel, wish to avoid leadership problems identified in this case study they should put the appropriate leader in that best fits the situation and the organizational structure. Though not all agree with Fiedler’s contingency model and has been criticized his point about a leadership style changing does hold weight. A company or organization should not expect a leader to come in and change his or her leadership style but instead should look for certain leaders that fit the situation. If an organization has an opening for a position such as what Profitel had in that they needed a leader that was free thinking and used to change then they should find a leader that has a leadership style appropriate for that. Flexibility is something that should be seen as a value in a scenario like this and Lars Peeters seemed like a leader that did things his way and forced it to be his way. Finding the right fit will go a long way when picking the right leader for an organization. 3. Organizational Structure Read this case: â€Å"Nokias Evolving Organizational Structure† (page 399). Current Changes to Structure Nokia Corporation has had to make many drastic changes in terms of division of labor within their organizational structure in order to stay successful and competitive in their market(s). Nokia’s organizational structure has changed dramatically over the decades it has been in business but most recently starting in the early 1990’s where its product-based organizational structure was mainly designed around its different businesses to today where Nokia has sold off most of their divisions and focusing on just a few product divisions. All in all Nokia has remained a product-based organizational structure. In the early 1990’s Nokia’s divisions were consumer electronics, cable for construction and power transmission, industrial rubber, and their (at the time) newly acquired telecommunication business (McShane Von Glinow, 2010). Today their organizational structure is smaller and their main emphasis is on two divisions: Smart Devices and Mobile Phones. The third division is their â€Å"Markets division that instead of products deals with global sales and supply chain operations. Nokia’s changes were made due to the evolution of their products. They had to change their organizational structure in terms of division of labor to keep their divisions successful. Cell phones were changing and the market was changing so they had to keep up. As the product changed from just a regular cell phone to a cell phone with internet capabilities they changed their division of labor to focus on those markets to fight off the declining of sales. Nokia is a large company that deals with products and must focus on keeping those products sales high. If they are obsolete they must change products and evolve. The divisions of labor that Nokia had in the beginning were broad and varied to a high degree compared to the narrow market it now deals with. The other divisions were sold off or closed. 3B. Problems with the new Structure Nokia is in a market that is going to be forever changing. As technology advances so will the products that Nokia sells. The current organizational structure is good for the current products but will be forced to change yet again as the products evolve and the current products start to decline. Nokia’s second division is focused on the traditional cell phone market that in the next five to ten years could be a smart phone. At that point both divisions would be dealing with the same product or that division will go away, leaving Nokia with yet another organizational change / shift. With these changes Nokia will be losing valuable experience or forced to re-train these individuals in the new markets on the new products. Nokia currently has a divisional structure, which has forced them to continually change their organizational structure to fit their current product lines. If Nokia would go through a radical change into a functional structure they would go through less organizational changes over the coming years. A functional structure will focus their organization around the employees and their specific knowledge instead of their current organizational structure which is focused around their products. I would recommend a change to having a CEO at the top of their organization chart with maybe a research and development (RD) division, a sales division, and a product division. This would allow for more flexibility as different products come and go through the organization. The technology could move from the RD division right to the product division with the sales division being similar to what they have now with their â€Å"Markets† division. By staying with a divisional structure with their current products they will always being changing and refocusing their efforts, never really establishing a strong organizational structure where formalization is allowed to standardized the informal communications, behaviors, etc. 4. Organizational Change Read scenarios 2 and 3 in the team exercise: â€Å"Strategic Change Incidents† (page 456). A. Lewin and Change Management Practices After reading scenario 2 and analyzing the different factors that might be in play in this scenario I would suggest that the organization do a couple different things to help unfreeze, change, and refreeze the organization in order to help them become more environmentally friendly. Resistance to change can come from many different angles and it is key as a leader to identify what these forms of resistance to change might occur before unfreezing an organization and attempting to make a change. Resistance to change is common and according to McShane Von Glinow (2010) it is a natural human response. In general some reasons why employees might be resistant to change are when an employee’s personal cost-benefits analysis is negative, to save face or embarrassment of being wrong, the fear of the unknown, a break in common routine, incongruent team dynamics, or incongruent organizational systems (McShane Von Glinow, 2010). In this particular scenario I would attempt to foresee some of the forms of resistance to change that might come about such as direct costs to the employees. They might see the extra effort that might be involved in this change as more work on their part and no extra benefit. Another might be the fear of the unknown where some jobs might become obsolete due to saving no paper or just in general what is going to be expected of them. Finally another resistance to change that might come about could be a break in their normal routine and a waste of their time and effort. By knowing these possible forms of resistance to change I can plan accordingly and prepare for them. Since the board of directors and the CEO both want the organization to be more environmentally friendly and I am the one in charge of making it happen I would first unfreeze the organization by starting an educational program that is geared towards helping the employees learn about the importance of environmental objectives, such as the 3 R’s â€Å"reduce, reuse, recycle†. After a period of time, allowing the educational program to work I would then start to introduce the change. I would hope that this educational program would help inspire change from within and create urgency for change that starts with the employees. By properly communicating what the organizational goals are in regards to their environmental objectives it will allow the employees to create their own programs and eliminate their fears of the unknown, they would break their own routines out of want, and they would understand that their cost-benefit analysis would not be affected in a negative way. Since this change was brought on by the employees the freezing would be as simple as putting the suggestions and â€Å"new† behaviors into company policies. By creating policies from initiatives that the employees started their will be less resistance to the official company policies that are being implemented, which would essentially be freezing the change. 4B. Action Research In this scenario, Team Exercise 15. 2 scenario 3, I would assume I am in the Chief Operations Officer (COO) and working alongside the CEO to help keep the airlines from defaulting on their payroll obligations and turn around the organizations operational efficiency. The action research approach is an four step approach to changing the process of an organization that is a combination of action orientation and research orientation (McShane Von Glinow, 2010). As COO I would apply action research, minus step-one since I am already in the organization and forming the client-consultant relationship does not apply to this situation. Going straight into step-two of the action research approach, which is diagnosing the need for change, I would immediately attempt to find the root of the problem. I would sit down with as many different staff and talk to them about what is causing the problems. I would also hope to have enough time to implement a well thought out survey to narrow down exactly what the problem(s) are. Since this is an airlines company and the reputation goes a long way I would start with fixing why the employees are embarrassed to wear the company logo, if the employees are embarrassed, the surely the majority of the customers do not want to fly with us. The employees will know the underling cause so once I have them on board step-one will be complete. In this scenario as the COO I would move into step three viciously and fast with what McShane and Von Glinow (2010) calls a quantum change. Step-three of the action research approach is to introduce intervention, which is applying the methods to fix the problem. So as COO I would implement change starting with rewards or incentives to all the staff working on the flight, for every flight that takes off on time. Obviously there are situations that are out of the hands of the staff such as weather and mechanical issues but over for the majority of the flights the staff would be working towards getting that plane off on time. This I believe would help with the embarrassment of working for the airlines and over time the staff will become proud to be employees. It will not be an overnight process but instead something that will take considerable effort and communication between the employees and executives. The final step, step-four, of the action research approach is to evaluate and stabilize the change. In this step I would have to watch and see if the incentive is working. Is the incentive too little, too much, or over time are they forgetting about it all together. I would need to adjust the incentive but also ensure that healthy approaches are being taken. It would be counterproductive to have staff rushing the people on the plane just to get the incentive, or pilots leaving early or without passengers just for the incentive. So as the COO I would have to carefully watch what is happening and adjust as necessary.